Penegakan Hukum Masih Sebatas Proses Penegakan Aturan

Penegakan hukum pada dasarnya dilakukan untuk menyerasikan nilai-nilai kepastian, keadilan, dan kemanfaatan hukum. Hanya saja penegakan hukum di Indonesia selama ini lebih didominasi oleh cara berpikir secara positivistik-legalistik. Artinya, penegakan hukum lebih dipandang sebagai proses penegakan aturan semata.

Hal tersebut dikemukakan Sekretaris Jenderal Mahkamah Konstitusi Janedri M Gaffar dalam kuliah umum “Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Penegakan Hukum” yang diselenggarakan oleh Fakultas Hukum (FH) Unnes, Sabtu (26/11) bertempat di gedung C7 Fakultas Ilmu Sosial (FIS) Unnes.

Di tengah situasi tersebut, Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) hadir di Indonesia sebagai aktor baru untuk mengatasi proses penegakan hukum yang kering dan tidak jarang justru menimbulkan masalah baru. “Dalam kiprahnya selama delapan tahun ini, MK dinilai mampu membuktikan peran yang signifikan dalam proses penegakan hukum,” tandas Janedri.

Peradilan konstitusi merupakan fenomena baru dalam sistem ketatanegaraan di berbagai negara. Indonesia merupakan negara ke-78 yang membentuk MK sebagai lembaga dengan fungsi tersendiri dan secara struktur berada di luar Mahkamah Agung (MA). Mahkamah Konstitusi dibentuk sebagai bagian dari paket reformasi konstitusi seiring reformasi politik yang terjadi pasca berakhirnya rezim Orde Baru tahun 1998.

“Apabila ditelusuri, terdapat empat hal yang melatarbelakangi pembentukan MK sebagai perwujudan menguatnya spirit konstitusionalisme, yaitu sebagai implikasi konstitusionalisme, perwujudan mekanisme check and balances, dan penyelenggaraan negara yang bersih. Selain itu juga perlindungan HAM,” ujarnya.

Wewenang MK telah dituangkan dalam pasal 7B dan pasal 24C Ayat 1 UUD 1945, yaitu menguji undang-undang terhadap UUD 1945, memutus sengketa kewenangan antar lembaga negara yang kewenangannya diberikan oleh UUD 1945, memutus pembubaran partai politik, dan memutus perselisihan tentang hasil pemilu. Selain itu berdasar Pasal 7B Ayat 1 sampai dengan Ayat 5 dan Pasal 24C Ayat 2 UUD 1945, kewajiban MK adalah memberi keputusan atas pendapat DPR, bahwa Presiden atau Wakil Presiden telah melakukan pelanggaran hukum, atau perbuatan tercela, atau tidak memenuhi syarat sebagaimana dimaksud dalam UUD 1945.

Berdasarkan ketentuan, MK sebagai lembaga peradilan memiliki ruang yang luas untuk membentuk hukum baru yang dirasa lebih adil melalui putusan-putusan yang tidak dikerangkeng oleh positivisme-legalisme hukum. “Bagi MK, penegakan hukum bukanlah penegakan yang sekedar mengeja undang-undang, melainkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hukum yang bersukmakan keadilan masyarakat,” kata Janedri.

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